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Gopinadhan Paliyath, Professor, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada; Phone- 1-519-824-6120 x 54856, Cell- 1-519-546-1722
Dr. Paliyath started his career in postharvest biology and technology in early 1980s when he was working as a Research Associate at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture at Washington State University. His research work continued to focus on basic aspects of membrane biology and its implications in ethylene signal transduction and plant senescence. Further research with Prof. John Thompson at the University of Waterloo unraveled the detailed enzymatic pathways involved in membrane deterioration, identifying phospholipase D as the key enzyme that is involved in the initiation and propagation of membrane deterioration during plant senescence. These observations also led to the concept that if an inhibition of phospholipase D can be achieved, it can have the potential of arresting or delaying senescence. This can be used as a tool to enhance the shelf life and quality of fruits, vegetables and flowers.
Research Contributions (Jan 2017): [Total-Refereed publications in Journals- 115; Patents and Intellectual Properties-2; Disclosures-3; Chapters in Books- 27; Non-Refereed Contributions - 10; Research Reports -28; Conference Proceedings- 88; Edited Books- 9; Book reviews- 6; (Google scholar: h index-36, i10 index-78, citations-5236; RG score 37.77); Training- Ph.D.- 25, M.Sc.-12, PDF, Research Associates-9, Visiting Scientists- 15].
Websites- http://www.plant.uoguelph.ca/gpaliyat
http://scholar.google.ca/citations?user=NUWAHg4AAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=ZCrisuPv6X0
Dr. Paliyath started his career in postharvest biology and technology in early 1980s when he was working as a Research Associate at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture at Washington State University. His research work continued to focus on basic aspects of membrane biology and its implications in ethylene signal transduction and plant senescence. Further research with Prof. John Thompson at the University of Waterloo unraveled the detailed enzymatic pathways involved in membrane deterioration, identifying phospholipase D as the key enzyme that is involved in the initiation and propagation of membrane deterioration during plant senescence. These observations also led to the concept that if an inhibition of phospholipase D can be achieved, it can have the potential of arresting or delaying senescence. This can be used as a tool to enhance the shelf life and quality of fruits, vegetables and flowers.
Research Contributions (Jan 2017): [Total-Refereed publications in Journals- 115; Patents and Intellectual Properties-2; Disclosures-3; Chapters in Books- 27; Non-Refereed Contributions - 10; Research Reports -28; Conference Proceedings- 88; Edited Books- 9; Book reviews- 6; (Google scholar: h index-36, i10 index-78, citations-5236; RG score 37.77); Training- Ph.D.- 25, M.Sc.-12, PDF, Research Associates-9, Visiting Scientists- 15].
Websites- http://www.plant.uoguelph.ca/gpaliyat
http://scholar.google.ca/citations?user=NUWAHg4AAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=ZCrisuPv6X0
Loong-Tak Lim, Associate Professor, Department of Food Science.
He received his Doctoral degree in Food Science from the University of Guelph, Canada in 1999, and B.Sc. degree in Food Science from Acadia University, Canada in 1994. Dr. Lim is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Food Science, University of Guelph. He is the team leader for the Packaging and Biomaterial Group, focusing on research areas related to food packaging, micro/nano encapsulation, biopolymer film/coating, and coffee technology. One of the key areas of his research is to exploit electrospinning and electrospraying technologies to develop active structures for controlled release of bioactive compounds in food and packaging applications. He teaches Food Packaging and Food Engineering Principles, and co-teaches several other food and material science courses at graduate and undergraduate levels. Prior to joining the University of Guelph in 2005, he was with Husky Injection Molding Systems Ltd. (Bolton, Canada), where he was a project manager working with injection and single/two-stage injection stretch blow molding technologies, as well as package prototyping.
Peer reviewed papers – 68; Book Chapters – 12; Edited book – 1; Conference presentations (oral and poster) – 50; Invited talks and presentations – 35; Patents - 3 (one granted; two applied); Training- MSc (4) and PhD. (4) theses completed; Major advisor for – 17 students; HQPs trained (past 6 years) - 40
Website- https://www.uoguelph.ca/foodscience/users/loong-tak-lim
He received his Doctoral degree in Food Science from the University of Guelph, Canada in 1999, and B.Sc. degree in Food Science from Acadia University, Canada in 1994. Dr. Lim is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Food Science, University of Guelph. He is the team leader for the Packaging and Biomaterial Group, focusing on research areas related to food packaging, micro/nano encapsulation, biopolymer film/coating, and coffee technology. One of the key areas of his research is to exploit electrospinning and electrospraying technologies to develop active structures for controlled release of bioactive compounds in food and packaging applications. He teaches Food Packaging and Food Engineering Principles, and co-teaches several other food and material science courses at graduate and undergraduate levels. Prior to joining the University of Guelph in 2005, he was with Husky Injection Molding Systems Ltd. (Bolton, Canada), where he was a project manager working with injection and single/two-stage injection stretch blow molding technologies, as well as package prototyping.
Peer reviewed papers – 68; Book Chapters – 12; Edited book – 1; Conference presentations (oral and poster) – 50; Invited talks and presentations – 35; Patents - 3 (one granted; two applied); Training- MSc (4) and PhD. (4) theses completed; Major advisor for – 17 students; HQPs trained (past 6 years) - 40
Website- https://www.uoguelph.ca/foodscience/users/loong-tak-lim
Jayasankar Subramanian, Professor, Tree Fruit Breeding and Biotechnology, Plant Agriculture, Vineland Station.
Subramanian has over 25 years of experience in horticulture, especially fruit crop breeding and biotechnology in India, US and Canada. He has worked with diverse crop species and for the past 18 years has been working with perennial fruit improvement such as mango, grapes and tender fruits- both using conventional and contemporary approaches. He has developed and released 14 improved varieties in India and Canada. He is an investigator in several provincial, national and International grants such as IDRC. Currently he is leading an International project involving 6 countries on reducing post harvest loss in fruits using nanotechnology. Recently he was invited to present his work at the United Nations General Assembly’s Market Place in New York and at the Global Affairs Canada, Ottawa. He is a member of the editorial board in three International Journals and has reviewed manuscripts for over 15 International journals. He has also served as a member of grant selection committees in Canada, US and Europe. He has served as an external member for the evaluation of thesis from several countries.
Research Contributions- Refereed papers – 64; conference presentations – 75; Patents and disclosures: 28; Plant Breeders’ Rights Issued: 10; Professional Activities -Industry related – 10; Varieties released, Career total = 14, (including 3 in India); Gene bank submission of gene sequences; ~80 submitted and/or published; Grower and fruits related activities: At least 15 per year. TRAINING of HQP: M.Sc. 5; Ph.D. 8; Research associates: 10; Visiting Scientists: 4.
Website- http://www.plant.uoguelph.ca/jsubrama
Subramanian has over 25 years of experience in horticulture, especially fruit crop breeding and biotechnology in India, US and Canada. He has worked with diverse crop species and for the past 18 years has been working with perennial fruit improvement such as mango, grapes and tender fruits- both using conventional and contemporary approaches. He has developed and released 14 improved varieties in India and Canada. He is an investigator in several provincial, national and International grants such as IDRC. Currently he is leading an International project involving 6 countries on reducing post harvest loss in fruits using nanotechnology. Recently he was invited to present his work at the United Nations General Assembly’s Market Place in New York and at the Global Affairs Canada, Ottawa. He is a member of the editorial board in three International Journals and has reviewed manuscripts for over 15 International journals. He has also served as a member of grant selection committees in Canada, US and Europe. He has served as an external member for the evaluation of thesis from several countries.
Research Contributions- Refereed papers – 64; conference presentations – 75; Patents and disclosures: 28; Plant Breeders’ Rights Issued: 10; Professional Activities -Industry related – 10; Varieties released, Career total = 14, (including 3 in India); Gene bank submission of gene sequences; ~80 submitted and/or published; Grower and fruits related activities: At least 15 per year. TRAINING of HQP: M.Sc. 5; Ph.D. 8; Research associates: 10; Visiting Scientists: 4.
Website- http://www.plant.uoguelph.ca/jsubrama
J. Alan Sullivan, Professor, Plant Agriculture
Dr. Sullivan’s research program focuses on the breeding, genetics, physiology and management of berry fruit species and flowering ornamentals. Major emphasis is placed on flowering species that are native to Canada and species capable of thriving on environments with low inputs of water and nutrients. Potatoes are also included in our investigations. He has strong collaborations with the National Potato Breeding Program in Canada and tests selections for Ontario. Activities within the Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation (GRIPP) focus on the preservation of endangered plant species from around the world. He is also involved in production and post harvest storage of berry fruits and other tropical fruit as a part of two multi-country international projects. Over the course of his career he has trained 18 graduate students and authored 75 articles in refereed journals, 4 chapters in books and numerous presentations to grower groups and scientific groups.
Website- http://www.plant.uoguelph.ca/asulliva
Dr. Sullivan’s research program focuses on the breeding, genetics, physiology and management of berry fruit species and flowering ornamentals. Major emphasis is placed on flowering species that are native to Canada and species capable of thriving on environments with low inputs of water and nutrients. Potatoes are also included in our investigations. He has strong collaborations with the National Potato Breeding Program in Canada and tests selections for Ontario. Activities within the Gosling Research Institute for Plant Preservation (GRIPP) focus on the preservation of endangered plant species from around the world. He is also involved in production and post harvest storage of berry fruits and other tropical fruit as a part of two multi-country international projects. Over the course of his career he has trained 18 graduate students and authored 75 articles in refereed journals, 4 chapters in books and numerous presentations to grower groups and scientific groups.
Website- http://www.plant.uoguelph.ca/asulliva
Gale Bozzo, Associate Professor, Plant Agriculture
Dr. Bozzo’s research is focused on biochemical and molecular aspects of metabolic processes occurring in apples and pears during postharvest storage. Controlled atmosphere (CA) storage is a postharvest management technology designed to limit respiration and ethylene-mediated processes leading to the loss of fruit quality and freshness, and also serves to increase the marketability of climacteric fruit. For some pome cultivars, CA storage can result in the development of physiological disorders of the fruit surface and/or flesh. To date, the biochemical processes promoting the onset of physiological disorders in response to CA are not well defined. My lab is interested in the relationship between oxidative stress metabolism and the onset of physiological disorders in CA-stored apples and pears. Currently, we are focused on developing cultivar-specific strategies for prolonged CA storage of traditional and newly developed pome fruits cultivated in Canada. To address this, we are conducting studies to determine whether an imbalance in whole fruit redox metabolites (i.e., ascorbate and glutathione) precedes physiological disorders in apple and pears during CA storage.
Dr. Bozzo has published 29 journal articles in peer-reviewed journals, including 15 articles at the University of Guelph. From 2008-2015, Dr. Bozzo advised one PhD, three MSc and seven BSc students, and co-advised two post-doctoral scientists, a research technician, one PhD, and three MSc students. Currently, three graduate students are being advised, including one in the area of postharvest biochemistry.
Websites- http://www.beangenomics.ca/profiles/view/gale-bozzo;
Dr. Bozzo’s research is focused on biochemical and molecular aspects of metabolic processes occurring in apples and pears during postharvest storage. Controlled atmosphere (CA) storage is a postharvest management technology designed to limit respiration and ethylene-mediated processes leading to the loss of fruit quality and freshness, and also serves to increase the marketability of climacteric fruit. For some pome cultivars, CA storage can result in the development of physiological disorders of the fruit surface and/or flesh. To date, the biochemical processes promoting the onset of physiological disorders in response to CA are not well defined. My lab is interested in the relationship between oxidative stress metabolism and the onset of physiological disorders in CA-stored apples and pears. Currently, we are focused on developing cultivar-specific strategies for prolonged CA storage of traditional and newly developed pome fruits cultivated in Canada. To address this, we are conducting studies to determine whether an imbalance in whole fruit redox metabolites (i.e., ascorbate and glutathione) precedes physiological disorders in apple and pears during CA storage.
Dr. Bozzo has published 29 journal articles in peer-reviewed journals, including 15 articles at the University of Guelph. From 2008-2015, Dr. Bozzo advised one PhD, three MSc and seven BSc students, and co-advised two post-doctoral scientists, a research technician, one PhD, and three MSc students. Currently, three graduate students are being advised, including one in the area of postharvest biochemistry.
Websites- http://www.beangenomics.ca/profiles/view/gale-bozzo;
John Cline, Associate Professor. Plant Agriculture
Dr. Cline’s research is focused om tree fruit physiology research on apples in Simcoe, Ontario, and peaches, cherries and plums in Vineland, Ontario. John is also involved in teaching graduate and undergraduate studies at the University of Guelph, and provides extension services to the industry, growers and stakeholders. Research and extension interests of this project are directed toward gaining and communicating a better understanding of apple tree physiology. Recognizing the factors that influence yield and fruit quality are one of its primary thrusts. Studies focus on the evaluation of new cultivars for suitability under Ontario's soil and climatic regime that can generate high market returns and/or develop niche markets and products. New cultivars that show resistance to pests and disease are being sought in order to reduce the amount of agri-chemicals and pesticide residues. Studies also focus on utilizing dwarfing Malus rootstocks and their influence on precocity, cropping efficiency, and tree vigour, and the performance of various cultivar/rootstock combinations in various intensive orchard production systems. Research on advanced horticultural technologies including new orchard training systems, advanced irrigation systems, and advances in the plant bio-substances such as gibberellins to regulate flowering and fruiting to minimize hand thinning, and prohexidione-calcium to reduce vegetative growth, are being actively pursued.
Website- http://www.plant.uoguelph.ca/jcline
Dr. Cline’s research is focused om tree fruit physiology research on apples in Simcoe, Ontario, and peaches, cherries and plums in Vineland, Ontario. John is also involved in teaching graduate and undergraduate studies at the University of Guelph, and provides extension services to the industry, growers and stakeholders. Research and extension interests of this project are directed toward gaining and communicating a better understanding of apple tree physiology. Recognizing the factors that influence yield and fruit quality are one of its primary thrusts. Studies focus on the evaluation of new cultivars for suitability under Ontario's soil and climatic regime that can generate high market returns and/or develop niche markets and products. New cultivars that show resistance to pests and disease are being sought in order to reduce the amount of agri-chemicals and pesticide residues. Studies also focus on utilizing dwarfing Malus rootstocks and their influence on precocity, cropping efficiency, and tree vigour, and the performance of various cultivar/rootstock combinations in various intensive orchard production systems. Research on advanced horticultural technologies including new orchard training systems, advanced irrigation systems, and advances in the plant bio-substances such as gibberellins to regulate flowering and fruiting to minimize hand thinning, and prohexidione-calcium to reduce vegetative growth, are being actively pursued.
Website- http://www.plant.uoguelph.ca/jcline
Phospholipase D Inhibition Technology for Enhancing Shelf Life and Quality of Fruits, Vegetables and Flowers
Phospholipase D Inhibition: This essential breakthrough came as a serendipitous discovery of a naturally occurring agent hexanal, a volatile compound produced by fruits and vegetables when the tissue is wounded, or evolved during ripening. Hexanal, was identified as a very active inhibitor of phospholipase D. Based on this discovery, technologies have been developed for enhancing the shelf life and quality of fruits, vegetables and flowers ( Paliyath et al., US patents # 6514914; Paliyath and Murr #7, 198,811; patents awarded in Canada, China, Chile, India, Japan, Mexico, South Africa, others). Fruits such as apple, pear, cherry, peach, grape, banana, and tomato showed enhanced shelf life and quality in response to the application of hexanal- containing compositions. Recent projects are targeted to achieve controlled release of hexanal in packaging systems using nanotechnology for increased efficiency, and the development of nanoemulsions for dip treatments of fruits and vegetables. Various aspects of this technology are being refined, and registration protocols are being initiated. The technology is licensed to Harvest One Agritech Inc., for commercialization world-wide (http://harvestoneagritech.com/company/about-us/).
International Research and Collaborations
Phospholipase D inhibition technology is being further evaluated internationally (India, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Tanzania, Trinidad & Tobago) through research support from the Government of Canada (Global Affairs Canada). This global research project is optimizing the uses of hexanal-based compositions applied as preharvest sprays, postharvest dips or as a vapor. Tropical fruits such as mango, banana, papaya, guava, soursop etc., are being tested. In general, shelf life increases of 2 to 3 times have been observed in mango, banana and guava. Several other fruits of tropical origin are being tested currently. Vegetables such as tomatoes and pepper have also shown similar benefits after hexanal vapour treatment. Sub-tropical and temperate fruits such as apple, cherry, peach, blueberry, strawberry, raspberry etc., also show beneficial effects in response to treatment with hexanal compositions.
Phospholipase D Inhibition: This essential breakthrough came as a serendipitous discovery of a naturally occurring agent hexanal, a volatile compound produced by fruits and vegetables when the tissue is wounded, or evolved during ripening. Hexanal, was identified as a very active inhibitor of phospholipase D. Based on this discovery, technologies have been developed for enhancing the shelf life and quality of fruits, vegetables and flowers ( Paliyath et al., US patents # 6514914; Paliyath and Murr #7, 198,811; patents awarded in Canada, China, Chile, India, Japan, Mexico, South Africa, others). Fruits such as apple, pear, cherry, peach, grape, banana, and tomato showed enhanced shelf life and quality in response to the application of hexanal- containing compositions. Recent projects are targeted to achieve controlled release of hexanal in packaging systems using nanotechnology for increased efficiency, and the development of nanoemulsions for dip treatments of fruits and vegetables. Various aspects of this technology are being refined, and registration protocols are being initiated. The technology is licensed to Harvest One Agritech Inc., for commercialization world-wide (http://harvestoneagritech.com/company/about-us/).
International Research and Collaborations
Phospholipase D inhibition technology is being further evaluated internationally (India, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Tanzania, Trinidad & Tobago) through research support from the Government of Canada (Global Affairs Canada). This global research project is optimizing the uses of hexanal-based compositions applied as preharvest sprays, postharvest dips or as a vapor. Tropical fruits such as mango, banana, papaya, guava, soursop etc., are being tested. In general, shelf life increases of 2 to 3 times have been observed in mango, banana and guava. Several other fruits of tropical origin are being tested currently. Vegetables such as tomatoes and pepper have also shown similar benefits after hexanal vapour treatment. Sub-tropical and temperate fruits such as apple, cherry, peach, blueberry, strawberry, raspberry etc., also show beneficial effects in response to treatment with hexanal compositions.
Preharvest spray with a Formulation (0.015% hexanal) on the appearance of guava fruits before harvest (A) and after 14 days (B) and 28 days (C) of cold storage as compared to control (D,E,F). From Gill et al., 2016
Preharvest spray with a Formulation (0.015% hexanal) on the appearance of guava fruits before harvest (A) and after 14 days (B) and 28 days (C) of cold storage as compared to control (D,E,F). From Gill et al., 2016
Pinot Noir, control (left) and sprayed with Hexanal (0.02%) right. Paliyath, unpublished
Prevention of apple drop by preharvest spray of hexanal (0.02%) Paliyath, unpublished
Control
Control
Sprayed, 30, 15 Day before harvest
Preharvest spray of sweet cherry with hexanal formulations; C- control, HEX- hexanal formulation (0.02%), AOX- Antioxidants, EFF-a fortified hexanal formulation. Picture from Sharma et al., 2010.
Preharvest spray of sweet cherry with hexanal formulations; C- control, HEX- hexanal formulation (0.02%), AOX- Antioxidants, EFF-a fortified hexanal formulation. Picture from Sharma et al., 2010.
Anusuya, P., Nagaraj, R., Janavi, G.J., Subramanian, K.S., Paliyath, G., Jayasankar, S. (2016). Pre-harvest sprays of hexanal formulationffor extending retention and shelf-life of mango fruits. Scientia Horticulturae, 211, 231-240.
Anusha, B., Sathya, K., Parthasarathy, S., Prabhakar, K., Raghu, D., Thiribhuvanamala, G., Ramjegathesh, R., Subramanian, K.S., Paliyath, G. and S. Jayasankar.(2016). Effect of hexanal on mycelial growth and spore germination of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Lasiodiploidia theobromae of mango. Tropical Agriculture. 93, 312-316.
Gill, K.S., Dhalliwall, H.S., Mahajan, B.V.C., Paliyath, G., & Boora, R.S. (2016). Enhancing postharvest shelf life and quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda by pre-harvest application of hexanal containing aqueous formulation. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 112, 224-232
Misran, A, Padmanabhan, P., Sullivan, J.A., Khanizdeh, S., and Paliyath, G. (2015) Composition of phenolics and volatiles in strawberry cultivars and influence of preharvest hexanal treatment on their profiles. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95, 115-126.
Cheema, A., Padmanabhan, P., Subramanian, J., Blom, A. and Paliyath, G. (2014). Improving quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) by pre- and postharvest applications of hexanal-containing formulations. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 95, 13–19.
Sherif, S., El-Sharkawy, I., Paliyath, G. and Jayasankar, S. (2013). PpERF3b, a transcriptional repressor from peach contributes to disease susceptibility and side branching in EAR-dependent and –independent fashion. Plant Cell Rep., (Special issue in hormonal signaling), 32, 1111-1124.
Jacob, J.K. and Paliyath, G. (2012) Infusion of fruits with nutraceutical and health regulatory components for enhanced functionality.. Food Res. Int., 45, 93-102.
Tiwari, K. and Paliyath, G. (2011). Microarray analysis of ripening-regulated gene expression and its modulation by 1-MCP and hexanal. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 49, 329-340.
Sharma, M., Jacob, J.K., Subramanian, J. and Paliyath, G. (2010). Hexanal and 1-MCP treatments for enhancing the shelf life and quality of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 125, 239-247.
Anusha, B., Sathya, K., Parthasarathy, S., Prabhakar, K., Raghu, D., Thiribhuvanamala, G., Ramjegathesh, R., Subramanian, K.S., Paliyath, G. and S. Jayasankar.(2016). Effect of hexanal on mycelial growth and spore germination of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Lasiodiploidia theobromae of mango. Tropical Agriculture. 93, 312-316.
Gill, K.S., Dhalliwall, H.S., Mahajan, B.V.C., Paliyath, G., & Boora, R.S. (2016). Enhancing postharvest shelf life and quality of guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda by pre-harvest application of hexanal containing aqueous formulation. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 112, 224-232
Misran, A, Padmanabhan, P., Sullivan, J.A., Khanizdeh, S., and Paliyath, G. (2015) Composition of phenolics and volatiles in strawberry cultivars and influence of preharvest hexanal treatment on their profiles. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95, 115-126.
Cheema, A., Padmanabhan, P., Subramanian, J., Blom, A. and Paliyath, G. (2014). Improving quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) by pre- and postharvest applications of hexanal-containing formulations. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 95, 13–19.
Sherif, S., El-Sharkawy, I., Paliyath, G. and Jayasankar, S. (2013). PpERF3b, a transcriptional repressor from peach contributes to disease susceptibility and side branching in EAR-dependent and –independent fashion. Plant Cell Rep., (Special issue in hormonal signaling), 32, 1111-1124.
Jacob, J.K. and Paliyath, G. (2012) Infusion of fruits with nutraceutical and health regulatory components for enhanced functionality.. Food Res. Int., 45, 93-102.
Tiwari, K. and Paliyath, G. (2011). Microarray analysis of ripening-regulated gene expression and its modulation by 1-MCP and hexanal. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 49, 329-340.
Sharma, M., Jacob, J.K., Subramanian, J. and Paliyath, G. (2010). Hexanal and 1-MCP treatments for enhancing the shelf life and quality of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 125, 239-247.
Strawberry fruits without exposure to hexanal vapour (left) and fruits exposed to hexanal vapour (Paliyath, unpublished).
Strawberry fruits without exposure to hexanal vapour (left) and fruits exposed to hexanal vapour (Paliyath, unpublished).
21 Days After Storage; Mango pictures courtesy of Drs. K.S. Subramanian and Janavi, G.J.,
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India